Experimental(实验性 API) 模块

Experimental

Experimental 模块下均为实验性 API，其签名和位置在未来可能发生变动

ppsci.experimental.math_module

bessel_i0(x)

Zero-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
x	Tensor	Input data of the formula.	required

Examples:

>>> import paddle
>>> import ppsci
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i0(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))

Source code in ppsci/experimental/math_module.py

def bessel_i0(x: paddle.Tensor) -> paddle.Tensor:
    """Zero-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

    Args:
        x (paddle.Tensor): Input data of the formula.

    Examples:
        >>> import paddle
        >>> import ppsci
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i0(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))
    """
    return paddle.i0(x)

bessel_i0e(x)

Exponentially scaled zero-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
x	Tensor	Input data of the formula.	required

Examples:

>>> import paddle
>>> import ppsci
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i0e(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))

Source code in ppsci/experimental/math_module.py

def bessel_i0e(x: paddle.Tensor) -> paddle.Tensor:
    """Exponentially scaled zero-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

    Args:
        x (paddle.Tensor): Input data of the formula.

    Examples:
        >>> import paddle
        >>> import ppsci
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i0e(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))
    """
    return paddle.i0e(x)

bessel_i1(x)

First-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
x	Tensor	Input data of the formula.	required

Examples:

>>> import paddle
>>> import ppsci
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i1(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))

Source code in ppsci/experimental/math_module.py

def bessel_i1(x: paddle.Tensor) -> paddle.Tensor:
    """First-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

    Args:
        x (paddle.Tensor): Input data of the formula.

    Examples:
        >>> import paddle
        >>> import ppsci
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i1(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))
    """
    return paddle.i1(x)

bessel_i1e(x)

Exponentially scaled first-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
x	Tensor	Input data of the formula.	required

Examples:

>>> import paddle
>>> import ppsci
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i1e(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))

Source code in ppsci/experimental/math_module.py

def bessel_i1e(x: paddle.Tensor) -> paddle.Tensor:
    """Exponentially scaled first-order modified Bézier curve functions of the first kind.

    Args:
        x (paddle.Tensor): Input data of the formula.

    Examples:
        >>> import paddle
        >>> import ppsci
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.bessel_i1e(paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype="float32"))
    """
    return paddle.i1e(x)

fractional_diff(func, alpha, a, t, h, dtype='float64')

Compute fractional derivative of given function at point t with fractional order alpha using Caputo derivative of fractional.

\[ D_t^\alpha f(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(n-\alpha)} \int_0^t \frac{f^{(n)}(s)}{(t-s)^{\alpha+1-n}} d s . \]

\[ s.t. 0 \lt \alpha \lt 1 . \]

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
func	Callable	Function to compute the fractional derivative of.	required
alpha	float	Fractional order.	required
t	float	Point to compute the fractional derivative at.	required
a	float	Start point of the fractional integral.	required
h	float	Step size for finite difference.	required
dtype	str	Data dtype during computation. Defaults to "float64".	'float64'

Returns:

Type	Description
Tensor	paddle.Tensor: Fractional derivative result of the function at t.

Examples:

>>> from ppsci.experimental import fractional_diff
>>> import numpy as np
>>> # define f(x) = x^2
>>> def f(x):
...     return x * x
>>> # compute 0.5-order fractional derivative of f(x) at t=1.0 with step size h=1e-6
>>> res = fractional_diff(f, alpha=0.5, a=0, t=1.0, h=1e-6, dtype="float64")
>>> np.testing.assert_allclose(float(res), 1.503547, 1e-6)

Source code in ppsci/experimental/math_module.py

def fractional_diff(
    func: Callable, alpha: float, a: float, t: float, h: float, dtype="float64"
) -> paddle.Tensor:
    r"""Compute fractional derivative of given function at point t with fractional order
    alpha using [Caputo derivative of fractional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_calculus#Caputo_fractional_derivative).

    $$
    D_t^\alpha f(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(n-\alpha)} \int_0^t \frac{f^{(n)}(s)}{(t-s)^{\alpha+1-n}} d s .
    $$

    $$
    s.t. 0 \lt \alpha \lt 1 .
    $$

    Args:
        func (Callable): Function to compute the fractional derivative of.
        alpha (float): Fractional order.
        t (float): Point to compute the fractional derivative at.
        a (float): Start point of the fractional integral.
        h (float): Step size for finite difference.
        dtype (str, optional): Data dtype during computation. Defaults to "float64".

    Returns:
        paddle.Tensor: Fractional derivative result of the function at t.

    Examples:
        >>> from ppsci.experimental import fractional_diff
        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> # define f(x) = x^2
        >>> def f(x):
        ...     return x * x
        >>> # compute 0.5-order fractional derivative of f(x) at t=1.0 with step size h=1e-6
        >>> res = fractional_diff(f, alpha=0.5, a=0, t=1.0, h=1e-6, dtype="float64")
        >>> np.testing.assert_allclose(float(res), 1.503547, 1e-6)
    """

    if not (0 < alpha < 1):
        raise NotImplementedError(
            f"Given alpha should be in range (0, 1), but got {alpha}"
        )

    def _finite_derivative(
        func: Callable, x: paddle.Tensor, dx: float
    ) -> paddle.Tensor:
        """Compute the finite difference of a function at x using centered difference.

        Args:
            func (Callable): Function to compute the finite difference of.
            x (paddle.Tensor): Point to compute the finite difference at.
            dx (float): Delta to use for the finite difference.

        Returns:
            paddle.Tensor: First-order Finite difference of the function at x.
        """
        return (func(x + dx) - func(x - dx)) / (2 * dx)

    def int_func(s):
        return _finite_derivative(func, s, dx=h) / (t - s) ** (alpha)

    result = (
        1.0 / paddle.exp(paddle.lgamma(paddle.to_tensor(1.0 - alpha, dtype=dtype)))
    ) * gaussian_integrate(
        int_func, dim=1, N=2**10 + 1, integration_domains=[[a, t]], dtype=dtype
    )
    return result

gaussian_integrate(fn, dim, N, integration_domains, dtype='float64')

Integrate given function using gaussian quadrature.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
fn	Callable[[Any], Tensor]	Function to be integrated.	required
dim	int	Dimensionality of the integrand.	required
N	int	Number of dicretization points.	required
integration_domains	List[List[float]]	Intergration domains.	required
dtype	Literal['float32', 'float64']	Dtype used during computation. Defaults to "float64".	'float64'

Returns:

Type	Description
Tensor	paddle.Tensor: Integral result.

Examples:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> import paddle
>>> import ppsci.experimental
>>> func = lambda x: paddle.sin(x)
>>> dim = 1
>>> N = 500
>>> integration_domains = [[0, np.pi]]
>>> result = ppsci.experimental.gaussian_integrate(func, dim, N, integration_domains)
>>> np.testing.assert_allclose(float(result), 2.0, 1e-6)
>>> print(float(result))
1.9999999999999576

Source code in ppsci/experimental/math_module.py

def gaussian_integrate(
    fn: Callable[[Any], paddle.Tensor],
    dim: int,
    N: int,
    integration_domains: List[List[float]],
    dtype: Literal["float32", "float64"] = "float64",
) -> paddle.Tensor:
    """Integrate given function using gaussian quadrature.

    Args:
        fn (Callable[[Any], paddle.Tensor]): Function to be integrated.
        dim (int): Dimensionality of the integrand.
        N (int): Number of dicretization points.
        integration_domains (List[List[float]]): Intergration domains.
        dtype (Literal["float32", "float64"], optional): Dtype used during computation. Defaults to "float64".

    Returns:
        paddle.Tensor: Integral result.

    Examples:
        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> import paddle
        >>> import ppsci.experimental
        >>> func = lambda x: paddle.sin(x)
        >>> dim = 1
        >>> N = 500
        >>> integration_domains = [[0, np.pi]]
        >>> result = ppsci.experimental.gaussian_integrate(func, dim, N, integration_domains)
        >>> np.testing.assert_allclose(float(result), 2.0, 1e-6)
        >>> print(float(result))
        1.9999999999999576
    """

    def _compatible_meshgrid(*args: paddle.Tensor, **kwargs: paddle.Tensor):
        # TODO(HydrogenSulfate): paddle.meshgrid do not support single Tensor,
        # which will be fixed in paddle framework.
        if len(args) == 1:
            return args
        else:
            return paddle.meshgrid(*args, **kwargs)

    def _roots(N: int) -> np.ndarray:
        return np.polynomial.legendre.leggauss(N)[0]

    def _calculate_grid(
        N: int,
        integration_domains: paddle.Tensor,
    ) -> Tuple[paddle.Tensor, paddle.Tensor, int]:
        """Calculate grid points, widths and N per dim

        Args:
            N (int): Number of points.
            integration_domain (paddle.Tensor): Integration domain.

        Returns:
            Tuple[paddle.Tensor, paddle.Tensor, int]: Grid points, grid widths and
                Number of grid slices per dimension.
        """
        # Create grid and assemble evaluation points
        grid_1d = []
        _dim = integration_domains.shape[0]
        n_per_dim = int(N ** (1.0 / _dim) + 1e-8)

        # Determine for each dimension grid points and mesh width
        def _resize_roots(
            integration_domain: Tuple[float, float], roots: np.ndarray
        ):  # scale from [-1,1] to [a,b]
            a = integration_domain[0]
            b = integration_domain[1]
            return ((b - a) / 2) * roots + ((a + b) / 2)

        for dim in range(_dim):
            grid_1d.append(_resize_roots(integration_domains[dim], _roots(n_per_dim)))
        h = paddle.stack([grid_1d[dim][1] - grid_1d[dim][0] for dim in range(_dim)])

        # Get grid points
        points = _compatible_meshgrid(*grid_1d)
        points = paddle.stack([mg.reshape([-1]) for mg in points], axis=1)

        return points, h, n_per_dim

    def _evaluate_integrand(fn, points, weights=None, fn_args=None) -> paddle.Tenosr:
        """Evaluate the integrand function at the passed points.

        Args:
            fn (function): Integrand function.
            points (paddle.Tensor): Integration points.
            weights (paddle.Tensor, optional): Integration weights. Defaults to None.
            fn_args (list or tuple, optional): Any arguments required by the function. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            paddle.Tenosr: Integral result.
        """
        if fn_args is None:
            fn_args = ()

        result = fn(points, *fn_args)
        if not str(result.dtype).endswith(dtype):
            result = result.astype(dtype)

        if result.shape[0] != points.shape[0]:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The passed function was given {points.shape[0]} points but only returned {result.shape[0]} value(s)."
                f"Please ensure that your function is vectorized, i.e. can be called with multiple evaluation points at once. It should return a tensor "
                f"where first dimension matches length of passed elements. "
            )

        if weights is not None:
            if (
                len(result.shape) > 1
            ):  # if the the integrand is multi-dimensional, we need to reshape/repeat weights so they can be broadcast in the *=
                integrand_shape = result.shape[1:]
                weights = paddle.repeat_interleave(
                    paddle.unsqueeze(weights, axis=1), np.prod(integrand_shape)
                ).reshape((weights.shape[0], *(integrand_shape)))
            result *= weights

        return result

    def _weights(N, dim):
        """return the weights, broadcast across the dimensions, generated from the polynomial of choice.

        Args:
            N (int): number of nodes.
            dim (int): number of dimensions.

        Returns:
            paddle.Tensor: Integration weights.
        """
        weights = paddle.to_tensor(np.polynomial.legendre.leggauss(N)[1], dtype=dtype)
        return paddle.prod(
            paddle.stack(_compatible_meshgrid(*([weights] * dim)), axis=0),
            axis=0,
        ).reshape([-1])

    def _apply_composite_rule(cur_dim_areas, dim, hs, domain):
        """Apply "composite" rule for gaussian integrals

        cur_dim_areas will contain the areas per dimension
        """
        # We collapse dimension by dimension
        for cur_dim in range(dim):
            cur_dim_areas = (
                0.5
                * (domain[cur_dim][1] - domain[cur_dim][0])
                * paddle.sum(
                    cur_dim_areas, axis=len(cur_dim_areas.shape) - 1, dtype=dtype
                )
            )
        return cur_dim_areas

    @expand_func_values_and_squeeze_integral
    def _calculate_result(
        function_values: paddle.Tensor,
        dim: int,
        n_per_dim: int,
        hs: paddle.Tensor,
        integration_domains: paddle.Tensor,
    ) -> paddle.Tensor:
        """Apply the "composite rule" to calculate a result from the evaluated integrand.

        Args:
            function_values (paddle.Tensor): Output of the integrand.
            dim (int): Dimensionality.
            n_per_dim (int): Number of grid slices per dimension.
            hs (paddle.Tensor): Distances between grid slices for each dimension.

        Returns:
            paddle.Tensor: Quadrature result.
        """
        # Reshape the output to be [integrand_dim,N,N,...] points instead of [integrand_dim,dim*N] points
        integrand_shape = function_values.shape[1:]
        dim_shape = [n_per_dim] * dim
        new_shape = [*integrand_shape, *dim_shape]

        perm = list(range(len(function_values.shape)))
        if len(perm) >= 2:
            perm.append(perm.pop(0))
        reshaped_function_values = paddle.transpose(function_values, perm)
        reshaped_function_values = reshaped_function_values.reshape(new_shape)

        assert new_shape == list(
            reshaped_function_values.shape
        ), f"reshaping produced shape {reshaped_function_values.shape}, expected shape was {new_shape}"

        result = _apply_composite_rule(
            reshaped_function_values, dim, hs, integration_domains
        )
        return result

    assert dtype in [
        "float32",
        "float64",
    ], f"dtype must be either 'float32' or 'float64', but got {dtype}"

    neg = False
    for i, (a, b) in enumerate(integration_domains):
        if a > b:
            neg = not neg
            integration_domains[i] = [b, a]

    integration_domains = paddle.to_tensor(
        integration_domains,
        dtype=dtype,
    )

    if integration_domains.shape[0] != dim:
        raise ValueError(
            f"The number of integration domain({integration_domains.shape[0]}) "
            f"must be equal to the given 'dim'({dim})."
        )
    if integration_domains.shape[1] != 2:
        raise ValueError(
            f"integration_domain should be in format of [[a_1, b_1], [a_2, b_2], ..., "
            f"[a_dim, b_dim]], but got each range of integration is {integration_domains[0]}"
        )
    grid_points, hs, n_per_dim = _calculate_grid(N, integration_domains)

    function_values = _evaluate_integrand(
        fn, grid_points, weights=_weights(n_per_dim, dim)
    )

    result = _calculate_result(function_values, dim, n_per_dim, hs, integration_domains)
    return result if (not neg) else -result

trapezoid_integrate(y, x=None, dx=None, axis=-1, mode='sum')

Integrate along the given axis using the composite trapezoidal rule. Use the sum method.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
y	Tensor	Input to be integrated.	required
x	Tensor	The sample points corresponding to the input samples. its shape should be (1) input.shape; (2) the input.shape[axis] if axis is not default. Defaults to None. dx (float, optional): The sample points are assumed to be evenly spaced and it is the spacing between sample points. If 'x' and 'dx' are both default, 'dx' is set to 1 by default. Defaults to None.	None
axis	int	The axis along which to integrate. Defaults to -1.	-1
mode	Literal['sum', 'cumsum']	Which type cumulative sum function used. Defaults to "sum".	'sum'

Returns:

Type	Description
Tensor	paddle.Tensor: Integral result. If dim of input is N, return is N-1 dim.

Examples:

>>> import paddle
>>> import ppsci
>>> y = paddle.to_tensor([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], dtype="float32")
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(y)
>>> print(res)
Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
       [2., 8.])
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(y, mode="cumsum")
>>> print(res)
Tensor(shape=[2, 2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
       [[0.50000000, 2.        ],
        [3.50000000, 8.        ]])
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(
...     y, x=paddle.to_tensor([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], dtype="float32")
... )
>>> print(res)
Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
       [2., 8.])
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(
...     y, x=paddle.to_tensor([0, 1], dtype="float32"), axis=0
... )
>>> print(res)
Tensor(shape=[3], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
       [1.50000000, 2.50000000, 3.50000000])
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(
...     y, x=paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2], dtype="float32"), axis=1
... )
>>> print(res)
Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
       [2., 8.])
>>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(y, dx=2)
>>> print(res)
Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
       [4. , 16.])

Source code in ppsci/experimental/math_module.py

def trapezoid_integrate(
    y: paddle.Tensor,
    x: paddle.Tensor = None,
    dx: float = None,
    axis: int = -1,
    mode: Literal["sum", "cumsum"] = "sum",
) -> paddle.Tensor:
    """
    Integrate along the given axis using the composite trapezoidal rule. Use the sum method.

    Args:
        y (paddle.Tensor): Input to be integrated.
        x (paddle.Tensor, optional): The sample points corresponding to the input samples. its shape should be
            (1) input.shape; (2) the input.shape[axis] if axis is not default. Defaults to None.
            dx (float, optional): The sample points are assumed to be evenly spaced and it is the spacing between sample points.
            If 'x' and 'dx' are both default, 'dx' is set to 1 by default. Defaults to None.
        axis (int, optional): The axis along which to integrate. Defaults to -1.
        mode (Literal["sum", "cumsum"], optional): Which type cumulative sum function used. Defaults to "sum".

    Returns:
        paddle.Tensor: Integral result. If dim of input is N, return is N-1 dim.

    Examples:
        >>> import paddle
        >>> import ppsci
        >>> y = paddle.to_tensor([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], dtype="float32")
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(y)
        >>> print(res)
        Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
               [2., 8.])
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(y, mode="cumsum")
        >>> print(res)
        Tensor(shape=[2, 2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
               [[0.50000000, 2.        ],
                [3.50000000, 8.        ]])
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(
        ...     y, x=paddle.to_tensor([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], dtype="float32")
        ... )
        >>> print(res)
        Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
               [2., 8.])
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(
        ...     y, x=paddle.to_tensor([0, 1], dtype="float32"), axis=0
        ... )
        >>> print(res)
        Tensor(shape=[3], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
               [1.50000000, 2.50000000, 3.50000000])
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(
        ...     y, x=paddle.to_tensor([0, 1, 2], dtype="float32"), axis=1
        ... )
        >>> print(res)
        Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
               [2., 8.])
        >>> res = ppsci.experimental.trapezoid_integrate(y, dx=2)
        >>> print(res)
        Tensor(shape=[2], dtype=float32, place=Place(gpu:0), stop_gradient=True,
               [4. , 16.])
    """
    if mode == "sum":
        return paddle.trapezoid(y, x, dx, axis)
    elif mode == "cumsum":
        return paddle.cumulative_trapezoid(y, x, dx, axis)
    else:
        raise ValueError(f'mode should be "sum" or "cumsum", but got {mode}')